>Few thrills can match that of discovering a virgin reef or diving a remote section of shoreline. Exploration is a big part of diving, so it's no surprise that divers tend to venture off the beaten path. Whether we travel to a distant island in the Pacific, a quarry out in the country or a popular wreck just a few miles offshore, we can easily find ourselves with limited or delayed access to medical care. For a dive buddy turned caregiver in a wilderness setting (defined as any location that is more than one hour from the nearest hospital), it's important to know some basic first aid techniques. The general steps covered here will help you care for an injured diver in an emergency, but this column is no substitute for proper first aid training.
>Wounds are a type of injury that warrants special consideration. Consequences of improper wound care range from unsightly scars and delayed healing to severe infection and even death. With a little bit of knowledge, a first aid provider can significantly improve the outcome. Regardless of the type of wound, there are three basic steps to proper wound care: control the bleeding, prevent infection, and promote healing.

>Irrigating and cleaning wounds will help prevent infection. Syringes create a narrow stream of water that will remove bacteria and debris.
>Next, use an alcohol wipe, a piece of gauze soaked in povidone-iodine (Betadine), or even a clean cloth, soap and water to scrub around — but not inside — the wound. This reduces the likelihood of bacteria on the skin contaminating the wound. Avoid getting alcohol, iodine, peroxide or soap into the wound, as these can be harmful to living tissue and actually hamper healing. Use sterilized tweezers to remove any foreign debris or dead tissue that comes away easily. The tweezers should be sterilized by soaking them in alcohol or iodine or holding them in a flame long enough to blacken the metal. Let the tweezers dry or cool before using them, but don't blow on them or wipe them on a non-sterile surface. Further irrigation after scrubbing and de- bridement may be appropriate.
>If a wound is especially dirty, was due to a bite or has an increased infection risk for another reason, it is a good idea to irrigate with a 1 percent povidone-iodine solution. Dilute the iodine with water until it is the color of iced tea. If you use an iodine solution, make sure to finish with several streams of plain water so as not to leave the iodine in the wound. In the case of a puncture wound, it is best to limit irrigation to the surface to avoid forcing additional bacteria and debris into the puncture. In puncture wounds that don't bleed very much, it may be appropriate to tease the edges of the wound slightly to encourage a little bleeding as this can help clean the wound. Abrasions (scrapes/road rash) can be prone to infection because of the greater surface area involved and will benefit from a thorough scrub all over with soap and water after debridement. Make sure to finish with irrigation to get the soap off.
>For small lacerations or incisions (cuts), butterfly bandages or steri-strips can be used to close wounds once they have been thoroughly cleaned. Use the strips to gently bring the edges of the skin together. Wounds that gape wider than a half-inch can't be effectively closed in the field. Instead, gently pack them with moist gauze and add a layer of dry gauze on top. For abrasions, apply antibiotic ointment or petroleum jelly to the affected area and cover with a gauze dressing to help the wound stay moist. Impaled objects should always be stabilized in place except when they impair breathing or transport of the patient.
>© Alert Diver — Winter 2010